由于复杂多变的国际形势和国家的经济高速发展, 跨境电商物流面临着多种因素的挑战, 同时随着相关政策法规的落实、服务质量需求提高和技术水平的逐步提升, 跨境电商物流逐步向着规范化、 化、 数字化的趋势迈进。
一 班轮运输的特点
(1)“四固定”: 固定航线、 固定港口、 固定船期和相对固定的费率。 这是班轮运输的基本特征。
(2) 班轮运价内包括装卸费用(即货物由承运人负责配载装卸), 承托双方不计滞期费和速遣费。
(3) 手续简便, 操作规范: 通常承运人是在码头仓库接受货物, 在卸货港的码头或仓库交付货物。
(4) 承运双方的权利义务和责任豁免以签发的提单为依据, 并受统一的国际公约的制约。
二 整箱与拼箱交接方式不同:
(1) 整箱交, 整箱接(FCL/FCL): 装拆箱由货方负责(能发挥集装箱的优越性)
(2) 拼箱交, 拆箱接(LCL/LCL): 装拆箱由承运人负责
(3) 整箱交, 拆箱接(FCL/LCL): 货主装箱, 承运人拆箱
(4) 拼箱交, 整箱接(LCL/FCL): 承运人装箱, 货主拆箱
三 集装箱货物交接地点(与贸易条件有关)
门到门(Door to Door): 发货人工厂/仓库——收货人工厂/仓库, 为整箱交, 整箱接
门到场(Door to CY): 整箱交, 整箱接
门到站(Door to CFS): 整箱交, 拼箱接
场到门(CY to Door): 整箱交, 整箱接
场到场(CY to CY): 整箱交, 整箱接
场到站(CY to CFS): 整箱交, 拼箱接
站到门(CFS to Door): 拼箱交, 整箱接
站到场(CFS to CY): 拼箱交, 整箱接
站到站(CFS to CFS): 拼箱交, 拼箱接
四 集装箱的标记
(1) 必备标记 识别标记(箱主代号 顺序号 核对数字) 作业标记
(2) 自选标记 识别标记, 包括国家和地区代号, 如中国用 CN; 美国用 US尺寸和类型代号(箱型代码): 4 位,数字与字母混合, 前 2 位表示尺寸, 后 2 位表示类型。
如: 20 尺标准箱(20' GP---20 Feet General Purpose) ——22G1 作业标记(超高标记0.6m)
(3) 通行标记
整箱货货运流程业务流程: 委托代理 → 订舱 → 提取空箱 → 货物装箱 → 整箱货交接签证 → 换取提单→ 装船
五、 租船运输种类
1、 航次租船(又称为定程租船): 又可以分为单程租船、 往返租船、 连续航次租船、 航次期租船、 包运合同租船
2、 定期租船(又称期租船)
3、 光船租船
Globalization of business will be enhanced by regional tradeagreements andthe reduction of trade barriers as well as throughinternational electronic networkssuch as the Internet. Suchglobalization will result in new consumer demographicsas denselypopulated nations such as China and India become part of theglobalmarketplace. As companies are faced with consumer demandsfrom around the globe,speed and simplicity of delivery become evermore important.New technologies will play an increasingly importantrole in business logistics,if they aren't already. New softwaretools will provide managers with better ways toanalyze theperformance of logistics networks. Internet applications will openupinternal information to all participants in the supply chain. Thedemand for speedwill result in companies taking inventory out oftheir systems, with technology
providing much of the ability to meet the demands for speed andsimplicity. Theultimate, though perhaps unattainable, goal oflogistics will be zero inventory and
immediate availability.Outsourcing of logistics will likelyincrease as the growth of third-party
logistics firms continues. For those companies that handle theirown logistics, thechallenge for managers will be to communicate totheir company's senior
management the advantages that logistics can provide.